Quotes From The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin

The Story of An Hour is a fascinating read with a surprise ending that takes readers far from Mrs. Mallards initial reaction to tragic news. In her short story, Kate Chopin dramatizes the story of a wife who discovers the truth about her husbands death. News of Death Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husbands death. When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her. There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name. But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air. Unexpected Joy She said it over and over under her breath: free, free, free! The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed, it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body. She saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. And yet she had loved him — sometimes. Often she had not. End of The Story of an Hour Quotes She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long. When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease — of joy that kills.

A Feminist Report Of The Modern Society - 795 Words

A Feminist Report of the Modern Society â€Å"I need feminism because we need more sexy blond female CEOs but not more female miners and other jobs in those kinds of fields. They are not glamorous enough. Women should not have to get on their knees and work hard unless they want to get backstage at a weekend concert.† Man-hating femi-nazis are plaguing the world with their rants about â€Å"misogyny† and flashing their naked bodies to men and expecting not to get objectified. This is the way the world ends, not with a bang, but with a breast. Modern-day feminism is often regarded as something that is no longer needed, because women of the 21st century have the same rights as every other person. But sadly, that is not true. Women and men in America in the 21st century are not treated as equals in social, economic, or political aspects of society, ergo feminism—the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities, is still a necessity in the modern society of America. The true intenti on of feminism is NOT to degrade men and preach that women are high and mighty and deserved to be treated better, but rather that all sexes be treated the same way in all aspects of life. Before we talk about social equality, we must comprehend what â€Å"social equality† is. Social equality is â€Å"the social state of affairs whereby all the people in the society have equal rights under the law, including the right to vote, physical security, freedom of speech and assembly, and the right to ownShow MoreRelatedA Feminist Report Of The Modern Society1160 Words   |  5 Pages A Feminist Report of the Modern Society â€Å"I need feminism because we need more sexy blond female CEOs but not more female miners and other jobs in those kinds of fields. They are not glamorous enough. Women should not have to get on their knees and work hard unless they want to get backstage at a weekend concert.† Man-hating femi-nazis are plaguing the world with their rants about â€Å"misogyny† and flashing their naked bodies to men and expecting not to get objectified. This is the way the world endsRead MoreSexism And Its Impact On Society1046 Words   |  5 Pageslong way in the getting rid of sexist views , even in today’s modern society , sexism prevails. In Mythology, Romans thought women were â€Å" secondary to men,† who brought upon â€Å"unhappiness and vices† like in the tale of Pandora.(Mark4) The Roman family was â€Å"male-dominated† meaning most decisions were carried out by â€Å"most senior male figure â€Å" (Mark 4) Women were expected to play their â€Å" perceived role in society† - such as â€Å"..looking out after the home and nurture a family†Read MoreGender Inequality In Australia Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pageshave been deeply imbedded within Australia’s social foundation, and although society has gradually shifted away from these roles, evidence suggests that this gender inequality still riddles the modern day workplace. Liberal feminist groups have embraced this issue, and have classified it as being a true barrier to achieving the ultimate gender equality goal. Consequently, these liberal feminists along with general society propose that it may only be through further legal reforms comparable to theRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Ground Of The Equality1654 Words   |  7 Pages(Oxforddictionaries.com, 2015). Therefore, feminism is still relevant within Western society because there is still significant evidence that shows women are still not yet equal with men. Thus, this essay will focus on the corporate and political world and how they are conspicuous examples of feminism still being applicable. This essay will acknowledge the history of feminism and how it has helped reach the level of equality in which western society is at now, but it will also suggest that there is more improvementRead MoreThe Utopian Society : A Utopian State1296 Words   |  6 Pagesall individuals. In my socially just utopian society, women have the same rights as every man that walks this earth. Differences and individuality would be embraced and not imposed; they would be respected and not ridiculed. There is no po litical correctness in my utopia; rather, it differs depending on a woman’s personal choices. In the past, women had few life options and due to historical developments, new opportunities have arisen for women in society. However, we still have long way to go to reachRead MoreThe Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1369 Words   |  6 Pages Mary Wollstonecraft, a Futuristic Feminist This research project addresses the work of Mary Wollstonecraft, The Vindication of the Rights of Women. To investigate this, I will first summarize her work and someone else s interpretation of it, then analyze the author, voice, message and significance, and finally analyze the two works to answer the question, What are the current ideas about your philosopher? How have their ideas influenced us today?. My first souce will be the primary source ofRead MoreRemaining Problems of Sexism and Discrimination1756 Words   |  7 Pages199). Social facts are ways of acting and thinking, they embrace beliefs, practices, which eventually crystallize and limit the possible forms of individuals actions and forms of consciousness (Allen, p.199). As time went on and capitalism arose, societies advanced, money became more important. This led many women out of the house role and into the work force. The solidarity changed due to the division of labor. Division of labor is â€Å"a stable organization of tasks and roles that coordinate the behaviorRead MoreThe New Age Of Feminism1224 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction With many variants of feminism, the feminist philosophy is one of great concern in today’s popular culture, despite the movement beginning in the 19th, early 20th century. The new age of feminism has broadened across Australia through the technological advances of social media, and while women’s roles in society have long been debated, the current ideologies of feminism are persistent in reaching equality for the sexes. Women’s liberation had begun in the 1960s, focusing on suffrageRead More Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Women Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pageswoman had her duty to her husband and that served as almost all of her worth. During the Enlightenment, some women began to question this norm and to voice their unhappiness. The Enlightenment period was an intellectual movement that sought to reform society and advance knowledge (â€Å"Age of Enlightenment†). Even with all of the Enlightenment’s great advancements, women still did not possess many rights. Women continued to be â€Å"oppressed and kept to the private sphere,† separated from men (â€Å"Women in the Enlightenment†)Read MoreFeminist Theory1248 Words   |  5 Pagespsychoanalysis is called feminist theory. Feminist theory aims to understand gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations, and sexuality. While providing a critique of these social and political rel ations, much of feminist theory focuses on the promotion of womens rights and interests. Themes explored in feminist theory include discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, and patriarchy. Today, feminist theory has manifested

Research Organizational Research Methods

Question: How do you develop and refine research questions? Answer: When one begins any research project, the first crucial question is how one can refine on the topic of study into a question, which is answerable within the scope of the work being undertaking. The process of developing the research question is essentially very quiet simple (Edelson, 2002). First, it is important to ask yourself what question you need to answer in order to find out what you need to know. For instance, if after reading the literature you have come to believe that asking the students to engage in a peer monitoring will increase on their engagement, you might wish to ask the following research question: Does peer, student-monitoring increase on the student engagement. This is a tentative research question and you want to answer it as yes or no. the next step is to ask what questions need to be answered in order to answer on the research question. An example here are a few of these questions. What would the peer student mentoring look like in your situation? How much of the data is enough? Who can I ask? What kind of the data should I collect and when to collect it? In most of the time, it is important to talk through the research project with another trusted peer to discuss what it entails. However, when these questions have been laid out and you have the big picture of the steps you will take to complete the research the research project. A good research question is always carefully phrased, it has been stated clearly, complete and it represent on the all goals of the research project. Other considerations to note are the feasibility, which focusses on whether the study could be done. Another is the validity, which focus if the research study was completed will it tell us what we need to know. When one is fine-tuning on the research question, one should work in doing the following things. Delimit on the research through making sure that the scope of the research project can be manageable. Secondly, it is important to define on the terms since not all the research project define the terms alike. The last thing is to question the question (Creswell Clark, 2007). This means that you should analyse as well as evaluate the research question. Ask yourself if it is the right question and if you can successfully answer this question, it will definitely provide you with the information which you need to make a positive changes. Finally, one should be pragmatic where by which are the questions that needs to be answered in order to answer on the research question. Conclusion In the development of the research questions, it is important to identify on the issue, which you are focusing on and write question that relate to the conversation you have decided to join. Refining on the working research question can be achieved through replacing of the vague words as well as phrases with the use of more specific words and phrases. One should then ask whether you could refine on the research question by referring to the assumptions, which are shared, and the existing conditions. Lastly, testing of the refined question could be done through conducting the preliminary searches of library catalogs and databases. References Creswell, J. W., Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Edelson, D. C. (2002). Design research: What we learn when we engage in design. The Journal of the Learning sciences, 11(1), 105-121. Service, R. W. (2009). Book Review: Corbin, J., Strauss, A.(2008). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Organizational Research Methods, 12(3), 614-617. Trochim, W. M., Donnelly, J. P. (2001). Research methods knowledge base.

Climate Change - Man or Nature free essay sample

Other researchers have argued that the model is ineffective and biased due to short-term horizon values and that the causes of increased temperatures are due to the natural cycles of the planet. It is my belief that both nature and man contribute to climate change. Mankind’s impact, however, has been much more pronounced of late. As a trained scientist and chemist, I prefer to demonstrate the natural causes and contributors to climate change rather than asserting that climate change is exclusively the result of one or the other climate force. The natural causative agents that promote global climate change are many and the complex systems that provide for and regulate our natural environment are not static. That is – they are in a constant series of cycles that create, adapt, and react to climate changes. The many natural factors affecting the climate can combine to amplify the effects of the others or to counteract them. The contributing forces that alter our climatic system are illustrated in the following diagram: [pic] (Pidwirny, 2006) The work of climatologists has found evidence to suggest that only a limited number of factors are primarily responsible for most of the past episodes of climate change on the Earth† (Pidwirny, 2006). These factors when at there maximum or minimum values have significant impact on Earth’s overall climate. . Factors affecting climatological changes include: †¢ Natural changes in the Earths orbital characteristics. †¢ Atmospheric gas composition variations. †¢ Volcanic eruptions †¢ Variations in solar output and absorption by the planet. These climate forces will be identified and evaluated as factors contributing to global climate change. According to a theory presented by Milutin Milankovitch, changes in the Earth’s climate are caused by varying three geometric relationships between the Earth and the Sun (physicalgeography. net, 2012). The physical (spatial) relationship between celestial bodies cycles over time in repeated phases of orbital patterns. The main changes that occur in the eccentricity (shape or roundness of orbital path), precession of the equinox, and obliquity (tilt) of the Earth, cause cyclical variations in the location, timing, and intensity of solar radiation. Its reasonable to assume that changes in the suns energy output would cause the climate to change, since the sun is the fundamental source of energy that drives our climate†¦. studies show that solar variability has played a role in past climate changes† (NASA. gov, 2012). http://climate. nasa. gov/causes/ Eccentricity measures the shape of the Earths orbit around the Sun. The orbit gradually changes from being elliptical t o nearly circular and then back to elliptical in a period of about 100,000 years. â€Å"The greater the eccentricity of the orbit (i. e. the more elliptical it is), the greater the variation in solar energy received at the top of the atmosphere between the Earths closest and farthest approach to the Sun† (Pidwirny, 2006). The precession of the equinox alters the angle of incidence – measured angle of impact between the Sun’s rays and the Earth, affects the strength of solar radiation. At low angles, the majority of radiation is reflected off the atmosphere much like skipping a stone over water. When the suns rays are perpendicular to the planet – the radiation transmittance is at its maximum intensity. The precession of the equinox has a cycle of approximately 26,000 years. According to the following illustration, the Earth is closer to the Sun in January and farther away in July at the present time. Because of precession, the reverse will be true in 13,0 00 years and the Earth will then be closer to the Sun in July (illustration B). This means, of course, that if everything else remains constant, 13,000 years from now seasonal variations in the Northern Hemisphere should be greater than at present (colder winters and warmer summers) because of the closer proximity of the Earth to the Sun† (Pidwirny, 2006). [pic] The tilt of the Earth axis of rotation cycles approximately every 41,000 years (physicalgeography. net, 2012). The results from a changing tilt are somewhat counter intuitive. With a slight tilt, the climate has less variability and winters are milder and summers cooler. Milder winters actually result in more snow and ice accumulation and not less. This effect is due to the capacity of warmer air to hold more water vapor and thus increase the snowfall that occurs. Cooler summers promote slower melt cycles and thus glacial ice can accumulate. The converse effect is when the tilt is at its maximum and winters are significantly colder and summers hotter. These factors combine to produce less snow – cold temperatures equal less contained moisture in the air, and the hotter summers produce greater melt cycles. â€Å"Computer models and historical evidence suggest that the Milankovitch cycles exert their greatest cooling and warming influence when the troughs and peaks of all three cycles coincide with each other† (Pidwirny, 2006). Atmospheric gases are a major component of the system that regulates the planet temperature. The emission, dissipation, and adsorption of these gases affects and is affected by the internal (within the planet) and external (extraterrestrial) activities that alter the levels of these gases. A layer of gases in the atmosphere – called greenhouse gases for their ability to trap some of the infrared heat energy that is reflected on Earth’s surface is composed primarily of water vapor, and including much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and sulfur dioxide. Of all the gases in Earth’s atmosphere, water vapor is the most important component. Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and contributes the largest amount of insulating effects for maintaining the life sustaining average temperature of 59 degrees F. Through the water cycle, it acts as a feedback to the climate. As water vapor increases in the atmosphere clouds form and promote the recycling of water in the form precipitation. The water cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation provide a critical feedback mechanism to the greenhouse effect. Although an excess of greenhouse gas results in global warming, naturally occurring greenhouse gases are beneficial in keeping our planet at a comfortable temperature† (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2012). The gas causing the greatest concern over global climate change and the current warming trend is carbon dioxide. Though much less prevalent than water vapor, carbon dioxide also has feedbac k system to respond to forces that alter its concentration. Carbon dioxide is part of the natural carbon cycle where â€Å"billions of tons of atmospheric CO2 are removed from the atmosphere by oceans and growing plants, also known as ‘sinks,’ and are emitted back into the atmosphere annually through natural processes also known as ‘sources. ’ When in balance, the total carbon dioxide emissions and removals from the entire carbon cycle are roughly equal† (EPA. gov, 2012). â€Å"In the geological history of the Earth, carbon has been cycling among large reservoirs in the land (including plants and fossil fuels), oceans, and the atmosphere† (Pidwirny, 2006). The planet’s oceans are the largest sink of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, but the solubility or amount of CO2 that can be stored in the oceans- is temperature dependent. Think of a carbonated beverage. Trapped CO2 diffuses through the liquid and escapes leaving the surface as tiny bubbles. If you warm the liquid, the CO2 escapes much more rapidly. This demonstrates the temperature dependent function of solubility. â€Å"Initial changes in global temperature were triggered by changes in received solar radiation by the Earth through the Milankovitch cycles. The increase in carbon dioxide then amplified the global warming by enhancing the greenhouse effect†. This demonstrates that naturally elevated CO2 levels are a result of global warming and not a cause of it. Another source of natural climate change is the dynamic variability of all the forces that affect Earth’s atmosphere. â€Å"Perhaps the most well understood occurrence of climate variability is the naturally occurring phenomenon known as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), an interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere over the tropical Pacific Ocean that has important consequences for weather around the globe. The ENSO cycle is characterized by coherent and strong variations in sea-surface temperatures, rainfall, air pressure, and atmospheric circulation across the equatorial Pacific. El Nino refers to the warm phase of the cycle, in which above-average sea-surface temperatures develop across the east-central tropical Pacific. La Nina is the cold phase of the ENSO cycle. The swings of the ENSO cycle typically occur on a time scale of a few years. â€Å"These changes in tropical rainfall affect weather patterns throughout the world† (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2012). A strong and awesome contributing to the climate are volcanoes and their short term cooling effects followed by longer periods of insulating effects. The argument against volcanoes contributing to global warming is mostly due to the solar radiation reflecting effects of atmospheric aerosols formed from sulfur-dioxide (a major component of volcanic gases). The sulfur dioxide compounds form a protective shield that reduces the amount of solar energy that impacts the earth and thus, for a brief period, the planet cools. This argument is both short-term focused and limited in its understanding of molecular heat capacity. For a deeper understanding, let’s evaluate the nature of sulfur dioxide and its climate changing effects. â€Å"SO2 is a tri-atomic, non-linear, asymmetric-top molecule with a permanent dipole moment very similar to ozone (O3) but very different from CO2, a linear molecule without a dipole moment. SO2 has an absorption intensity two orders of magnitude greater than ozone in the near ultraviolet spectrum (350-400 nanometers) where the atmosphere is normally transparent to solar energy. Photons at these wavelengths contain 43 times more energy than infrared photons absorbed most significantly by CO2. These high energy photons cause electronic transitions that are much more effective at increasing the kinetic energy and thus the temperature of the atmosphere† (Ward, 2009). According to detailed and documented research of Dr. Peter Langdon Ward and supported by any modern geo-physical chemical textbook: SO2 in the troposphere appears to cause greater warming than four orders of magnitude greater concentrations of CO2. Between 1979 and 2000, humans decreased SO2 emissions 18% in an effort to reduce acid rain. The rate of increase in global temperatures and concentrations of methane decreased to zero by 1998. Temperatures have been relatively constant for 12 years while concentrations of CO2 have continued to rise at a constant rate. Clearly global mean surface temperatures are not a direct function of CO2 concentrations as is assumed in most atmospheric models. As SO2 concentrations decreased, hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations increased, oxidizing methane, causing methane concentrations to stop increasing. This implies that the increase in methane concentrations during the 20th century may have been caused by increasing amounts of SO2 emissions decreasing the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere rather than increased emissions of methane. During the 20th century, humans burning fossil fuels warmed the lower atmosphere and therefore the ocean ~0. 8oC, resetting the thermostat for the earth. There is no proven way to cool the ocean similar amounts within decades. Continued melting of ice and snow, most notably in the Arctic is the result of the ocean and atmosphere slowly approaching equilibrium after this sudden change in the earths thermostat. Solar intensity decreased (global dimming) in response to increasing SO2 and decreased (global brightening) in response to decreasing SO2. SO2 absorption is greater in polar regions due to increased length of the paths of photons within the atmosphere. This fact helps explain why temperature increases have been so much greater, especially in the Arctic where Arctic haze increased with increasing SO2 emissions. Only when the effects of solar-energy absorbing gases such as SO2 are built into climate models, will it be possible to determine the effects of the prodigious anthropogenic emissions of CO2 in the past or in the future. Ward, 2009) It is the premise of science to test and verify before publishing hypotheses. So much of the so-called consensus studies reach conclusions drawn from an incomplete model. Consensus is not a scientific parameter. The ability to question what has been presented before is one of the marks of keen research. There is a large component of atmospheric gase s that mankind’s activities have significantly impacted to be sure. To conclude that it is these activities and increases in carbon dioxide emissions alone, is folly and extremely short sighted. Man can not control the natural forces that impact global climate change. We can however study all the factors in their entirety and adjust our activities to minimize their impact. The natural causative forces play a much greater role than is being considered in the current politically charged and funded debate. Let’s approach the issue with an open mind and recognize that nature is more powerful than given credit for when it comes to global warming. Man has a responsibility to mitigate modern practices so that nature can equilibrate and we can all cool off and catch our breath.

Prc Social Security Scheme Essays - Economy, Money, Finance

Prc Social Security Scheme PRC Social Security Scheme Major Characteristic of PRC Social Security Scheme - Only applicable to Chinese local employees - Local requirements may vary from locality to locality. Structure of Social Security Scheme - Pension - Unemployment Insurance - Medical Insurance - Housing National Requirement - Pension ?Decisions of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of a Unified System of Basic Old-age Insurance for Staff and Workers of Enterprises?(July 16, 1997) Structure of the Basic Pension Scheme - Requires mandatory participation by enterprises and employees; - Comprises 2 elements: a. Basic Pension Pooling Account b. Basic Pension Individual Account Enterprise Contribution - Maximum contribution of 20% of the total wages of the enterprises in general unless approved by Labour Bureau and Ministry of Finance. - For a foreign investment enterprise, the total wages only cover Chinese local employees' wages. - Among the 20% contribution: a. start at 7% of employee salary in 1997, to be gradually reduced to 3%, for contribution into the Basic Pension Individual Account b. 13% to 17% goes to Basic Pension Pooling Account Employee Contribution - Start at 4% of employee salary in 1997, to be gradually increased to 8% - Contribution goes to Basic Pension Individual Account National Requirement ? Unemployment Insurance ?Unemployment Insurance Regulation ? issued by State Council on January 22, 1999. Mandatory participants - Requires mandatory participation by enterprises and employees; - ?Enterprise? refers to ?Urban enterprises and institutions?, including: a. State-owned enterprises; b. Urban collective enterprises; c. Foreign investment enterprises; d. Urban private enterprises; and e. Other urban enteprises - ?Employee? refers to ?Staff and workers of urban enterprises and institution? Contribution - Employer contribution - 2% of the total wages of the enterprises; - Employee contribution - 1% of the employee's wage National Requirement ? Medical Insurance ?Decisions of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of a Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Staff and Workers ? issued by State Council Mandatory participants - Requires mandatory participation by enterprises and employees; - ?Enterprises? refers to ?all urban enterprises?, including: a. State-owned enterprises; b. Urban collective enterprises; c. Foreign investment enterprises; d. Urban private enterprises; e. Government organizations, institutions; f. Social organizations; and g. Non-governmental non-enterprise units. - ?Employees? refers to ?employees of the above-mentioned enterprises? Contribution - Employer contribution ? approximately 6% of the total wages of the enterprises; - Employee contribution - 2% of the employee's wage National Requirement ? Housing ?Administrative Regulation on Housing ? issued by the State Council on April 3, 1999. Mandatory participants - Requires mandatory participation by enterprises and employees; - ?Enterprises? refers to ?all urban enterprises?, including: a. Government organizations, institutions; b. State-owned enterprises; c. Urban collective enterprises; d. Foreign investment enterprises; e. Urban private enterprises; and f. Other Urban enterprises. - ?Employees? refers to ?employees of the above-mentioned enterprises? Contribution - Employer contribution ? minimum contribution 5% of the total wages of the enterprises; - Employee contribution ? minimum contribution 5% of the employee's wage Local Requirements Local requirements regarding contribution ratios may be different from national requirements, which vary from locality to locality based on the relevant regulations stipulated by local governments. A Summary of contribution rations (expressed as a percentage of the employee gross wages) to social security funds in the following cities (as of July 1999) Social Issues

Understanding Traits and How They Are Determined

Understanding Traits and How They Are Determined Have you ever wondered why your eyes are just like your mothers? Or why your hair color is similar to your grandfathers? Or why you and your siblings share features? These physical characteristics are known as traits; they are inherited from parents and expressed externally. Key Takeaways: Traits Traits are inherited characteristics from our parents that are expressed externally in our phenotype.For any given trait, one gene variation (allele) is received from the father and one from the mother.The expression of these alleles determines the phenotype, whether dominant or recessive. In biology and genetics, this external expression (or physical characteristics) is called a phenotype. The phenotype is what is visible, while the genotype is the underlying gene combination in our DNA that actually determines what is expressed physically in the phenotype. How Are Traits Determined? Traits are determined by an individuals genotype, the summation of the genes in our DNA. A gene is a portion of a chromosome. A chromosome is composed of DNA and contains the genetic material for an organism. Humans have twenty-three pairs of chromosomes. Twenty-two of the pairs are called autosomes. Autosomes are typically very similar in males and females. The last pair, the twenty-third pair, is the sex chromosome set. Those are very different in males and females. A female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X and one Y chromosome. How Are Traits Inherited? How are traits passed from one generation to the next? This happens when gametes unite. When an egg is fertilized by a sperm, for each chromosome pair, we receive one chromosome from our father and one from our mother. For a particular trait, we receive what is known as an allele from our father and one allele from our mother. An allele is a different form of a gene. When a given gene controls a characteristic that is expressed in the phenotype, the different forms of a gene show as the different characteristics that are observed in the phenotype. In simple genetics, alleles can be homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygous refers to having two copies of the same allele, while heterozygous refers to having different alleles. Dominant Traits vs. Recessive Traits When alleles are expressed via simple dominant versus recessive traits, the specific alleles inherited determine how the phenotype is expressed. When an individual has two dominant alleles, the phenotype is the dominant trait. Likewise, when an individual has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the phenotype is still the dominant trait. While dominant and recessive traits may seem straightforward, note that not all traits have this simple inheritance pattern. Other types of genetic inheritance patterns include incomplete dominance, co-dominance, and polygenic inheritance. Due to the complexity of how genes are inherited, specific patterns can be somewhat unpredictable. How Do Recessive Traits Occur? When an individual has two recessive alleles, the phenotype is the recessive trait. For example, lets suppose that there are two versions of a gene, or alleles, that determine whether or not a person can roll their tongue. One allele, the dominant one, is symbolized by a big T. The other allele, the recessive one, is symbolized by a little t. Lets suppose two tongue rollers get married, each of whom is heterozygous (has two different alleles)for the trait. This would be represented as (Tt) for each.   Traits are inherited characteristics that are expressed externally in our phenotype. Copyright Evelyn Bailey When a person inherits one (t) from the father and then one (t) from the mother, the recessive alleles (tt) are inherited and the person can not roll their tongue. As can be seen in the Punnett square above, this would happen approximately twenty-five percent of the time. (Note that this tongue rolling is just for the sake of providing an example of recessive inheritance. Current thinking around tongue rolling indicates the involvement of more than just a single gene, and is not as simple as was once thought). Other Examples of Weird Inherited Traits A longer second toe and attached earlobes are often cited as examples of a weird trait that follows the two dominant/recessive alleles forms of one gene inheritance. Again, however, evidence suggests that both attached earlobe and longer second toe inheritance are quite complex. Sources â€Å"Attached Earlobe: The Myth.†Ã‚  Myths of Human Genetics, udel.edu/~mcdonald/mythearlobe.html.â€Å"Observable Human Characteristics.†Ã‚  Nutrition the Epigenome, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/observable/.

Indonesia Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Indonesia Market - Essay Example ncial crisis through debt restructuring, the sale of some state-owned assets, the recapitalization of the commercial banking sector, the improved supervision of the capital market, and increased investments in public infrastructure. The gross domestic product grew by 4.5 per cent in 2003, 5.1 per cent in 2004, 5.6 per cent in 2005, 6.0 per cent in 2006, and 6.3 per cent in 2007. In 2006 the Indonesian government announced a package of policy reforms to improve its investment climate by means of strengthening investment services, harmonizing regional and central government regulations, and improving customs, excise and taxation services, among others. With moderate economic growth in recent years, domestic consumption has continued to account for nearly 2/3 of the GDP, followed by investment for more than l/5 and exports for l/10. With the targeted GDP growth of 6.6 per year up till 2009, the government expects to push Indonesia to recover thereafter to its pre-crisis annual average growth rates of close to 10 per cent.. Indonesia has been chosen as target export market for US soybeans in view of several factors. It has a big population of low and middle-income consumers who have traditionally depended on cheap soybean protein side-dish for nutrition; the countrys production of soybeans has accounted for less than 50 per cent of its consumption, and the price per ton of soybean imports from several producing countries have roughly doubled during the past several months. There is therefore an unfilled demand for this agricultural product which can be supplied through the produce from US farms, and even from partial sourcing from other South American countries to be subsequently exported. The soybean (scientific name Glycine max) is a leguminous plant known for its nutritious seeds which contain 40 per cent protein and 21 per cent oil. It is an important source of vegetable protein and oil for human (and animal) consumption as well as for industrial

Workers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Workers - Essay Example Specialization has become an important feature of complex industrial communities in Canada and worldwide. Division of labor takes place at a number of levels. More often than not there is that perception by consumers that they are making free choice with respect to individual purchases, such view is implausible with production. The first level of production division of labor is between companies. This is in view that one company can only obtain another company’s production product through exchange. Taking the example of steel company and power generating company, production of certain dependent products go hand in hand with the emergence of market by these economic sectors. In division of labor, the process of production in the company is broken down into various sequences of stages, and all workers are assigned to specific stages. It is a fact that increasing the specialization of work might lead to workers with very low overall skills and a lack of enthusiasm for the work they do. Division of labor thus plays an essential part in shaping the individual performance of these firms. Another remarkable level of division of labor exists within the company, and this is between individual workers. Depending on what the company produces, individual workers too can have division of labor. This has been due to the fact that for time workers perform similar tasks repeatedly and become known to them better. The similarities between the two are that in both cases it ignores the tastes and preferences of customers. Notably, in the two levels of division of labor there exist market share. Individuals in the economy require goods and services at all times. Private companies are not the exclusive producers in the economy, but they are also public services and house forms of production. The former avail to the economy roads, hospitals, to individual and the latter avails gardening, house

Final Project- Step Two Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Project- Step Two - Assignment Example A good example is the use of a well labeled diagram to explain the internal working structure of the human ear in a biology class. This is more effective than the verbal version of the same information. This shows that visual representation of information is more effective due to the fact that more senses of an individual are involved when information is passed using visuals (Dartmouth, 2010). This message is very important and everyone should be able to know that the use of visuals in learning and other processes of information sharing are more effective. However, this message is specially intended for various educators. Teachers and other educators have a special and vital role of passing information to the students. It is therefore very important that they realize the value of visuals in passing on the knowledge that they have to their students. Teachers responsible for students in their early stages of education are encouraged to use a lot of visuals as this helps in developing t he senses of the child and make them understand things much better. Students to should read and understand this message. They need o realize that when reading, using visuals to read and understand a particular subject is much practical and easier as compared to the theoretical use of words without any visuals (Dartmouth, 2010). ... The main tone that I want this project to achieve is the active tone. This is a very professional tone that clearly brings out the value of a message to the audience. This therefore means that the language to be used has to be active and passive only in relevant places. I will use various visuals to support my message by involving many of them in the learning process and weighing out the most effective method between the use of visuals and other instances when visuals are not used. This is done by examining different intermediate students by using words and visuals. After this, the results are compared to confirm whether the visual techniques are most effective. I will bring in diagrams that are relevant to the topic of discussions and ask people to weigh out the most effective method that brings out the message clearly (Dartmouth, 2010). Visuals will therefore have an important role in the passing of the message. The main platform that I intend to use to communicate my message is Mi crosoft power point. As the name suggest, Microsoft power point is a very important tool in learning. With this application, one is able to embedded visuals, music and even words. It is therefore an effective way of bringing in the visuals into a real life scenario. This application not only involves the students in words but also uses visuals to accompany this message. It is for this reason that the students get engaged in the activity. Since this is a visuals message, power point is even more effective. Practically, power point is refreshing and breaks down the monopoly of boring classes due to the presence of visuals that are used in the application. The points are also short and direct and as a result ensure that the message is passed within a short time and I an efficient

Enhancing Paracetamol with Silver Metal Ions

Enhancing Paracetamol with Silver Metal Ions 1- Introduction The paracetamol (Fig. 1) is one of the famous analgesic drugs which is commonly named as N-acetyl-4-amino-phenol. Paracetamol has an antipyretic medication with little toxicological side effect [1-7]. The fluorometry [8], luminescence [9], electrochemical [10], nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy [11] and liquid chromatography [12] are different analyses techniques used to determination of paracetamol drug in pure and pharmaceutical fashions. Paracetamol has a side effect as hepatotoxic in man and animals if it was taken with over dose [13-17]. Herein in this research paper, we aimed to enhance the efficiency of the drug in the presence of silver metal ions by formation of new complex. This complex was proven using spectroscopic and thermo gravimetric analyses. Fig. 1: Chemical structure paracetamol 2- Experimental 2-1- Materials Reagents (paracetamol and silver(I) nitrate) are in analytical grade and used without further purification. 2-2- Instrumentations The elemental analysis (%carbon, %hydrogen and %nitrogen) results were measured using CHN-2400 Perkin Elmer analyzer instrument. FT-IR spectra were scanned on Bruker FT-IR spectrophotometer within 4000-400 cm-1 region. The UV-vis. spectra of reactants and silver(I) complex were scanned using Perkin-Elmer Lambda 4B spectrophotometer in dimethyl sulphoxide solvent. The thermo gravimetric analyses TG/DTG were carried out in nitrogen atmosphere using Schimadzu TGA-50H thermal analyzer. 2-3- Synthesis The 1 mmol of AgNO3 was dissolved in 20 mL distilled water and then mixed to 20 mL of methanolic solution of paracetamol with 1 mmol ratio under magnetic stirring. The pH of mixture was neutralized at 7-8 using diluted ammonium hydroxide solution. The mixture was refluxed at 60 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C and left to evaporate slowly at room temperature. The precipitate was filtered off, washy with hot methanol and dried at 60 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C. 2-3- Microbiological investigation The biological activity of silver(I) complex was tested against bacteria and fungi with more than one test organism. The organisms used in the present investigation including two bacteria (B.subtilis Gram +ve), (E. coli Gram –ve) and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flarus). The results of microbiological investigations of bacterial and fungi against synthesized silver(I) complex were assessments. 3- Results and Discussion 3-1-Elementl analyses The experimental data of %carbon, %hydrogen and %nitrogen are matched with the calculated values (Table 1). The elemental analyses results are support that NO3à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­ ions not detected. The silver(I) complex is air stable with highly melting point > 300 oC. Table 1:Elemental analyses and physical results of Ag(I) complex [Ag2(para)] M.wt (g/mol) %C %H %N %M à ¯Ã‚ Ã…’ (à ¯Ã‚ 1. cm2.mol-1) Found Calcd. Found Calcd. Found Calcd. Found Calcd. 364.88 27.0 26.33 1.87 1.93 4.00 3.84 58.50 59.12 7.0 3-2- Molar conductivity The molar conductance value of the silver(I) complex of paracetamol drug in DMSO solvent with concentration of 1.0010-3 M was found to be 7.00 à ¯Ã‚ Ã…’ (à ¯Ã‚ 1. cm2.mol-1) at 25 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C. This data suggested that silver(I) complex is non-electrolytes. 3-3- Infrared spectra The infrared assignments data of paracetamol free drug and its silver(I) complex are tabulated in Table 2 and silver(I) complex is shown in Fig. 2. Based on the comparison between the infrared spectra of free paracetamol drug ligand and its silver(I) complex, it has been discussed that, the absorption band at 3300 cm-1 and 3200 cm-1 of free paracetamol have been assigned to –OH and –NH stretching vibration motions. These bands have been absence in the spectra of the silver(I) complex due to the involvement in complexation. The strong-to-medium absorption bands at 1650 and 1260 cm-1 in the spectrum of para drug are assigned to the stretching vibration bands of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(C=O) and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(C-O), respectively. These bands are shifted to lower wavenumbers at 1627 and 1100 cm-1 due to sharing in coordination mode. The presence of new absorption band at 510 cm-1 in silver(I) complex is assigned to à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(Ag -O) stretching vibration. Upon the infrared spectral assi gnments, the silver(I) ions coordinated to para drug through two place of coordination (deprotonated of –OH) and (deprotonated of –NH and oxygen of carbonyl group) as shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 2: FT-IR spectrum of Ag(I) complex. Table 2: Infrared frequencies within 4000-400 cm-1 of para and its Ag(I) complex. Compound à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(OH) + à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(NH) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(C=O) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤(CNH) amide group à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(C-O) phenyl group à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(M-O) para 3300, 3200 1650 1560 1260 [Ag2(para)] 1627 1550 1100 510 Fig. 3: Suggested structure of Ag(I) complex. 3-4- UV-vis. spectra The formation of the Ag(I) complex was also confirmed by UV-vis. spectra in DMSO solvent within the 200-600 nm range. It can see that free para has two absorption bands at 300 and 390 nm due to à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ °-à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ °* intra-ligand transition of the aromatic ring and n-à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ °* electronic transition, respectively. 3-5- Thermo gravimetric analyses The heating rate was controlled at 10à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C/min under nitrogen environment. The weight loss was scanned from room temperature till 1000 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C. The thermo gravimetric curve of silver(I) complex is shown in Fig. 4. The thermal decomposition of [Ag2(para)] complex exhibit at two step. These steps are occurring at 200-1000 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C and corresponding to the decomposition of para molecule with a weight loss of 11.4%. The final residual product is silver metal contaminated with few carbon atoms. Fig. (3): TG/DTG curve of Ag(I) complex of paracetamol. 3-6- Microbiological investigation Antibacterial and antifungal activities of silver(I) paracetamol complex are assessed against Escherichia coli (G –ve), Bacillus subtilis (G +ve) and antifungal (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus). The antimicrobial activity scanned based on the size of inhibition zone. Ag(I) complex is found to has high activity against bacteria and fungi. The data listed in Table 3 and is shown in Fig. 4. Table 3: Antimicrobial data of para complex Fig. 4: Statistical data of biological activities of DMSO control and silver(I) complex References M.A. Jan Mens, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumat. 19 (2005) 609. E. Dic, A. Ozdemir, D. Baleanu, Talanta 65 (2005) 36. A.B. Moreira, H.B.M. Oliveira, T.D.Z. Atvars, LL.T. Dias, G.O. Neto, E.A.G. Zagatto, L.T. Kubota, Anal. Chim. Acta 539 (2005) 257. B.B. Ivanova, J. Mot. Struct. 738 (2005) 233. C. Xu, B. Li, Spectrochim. Acta A 60 (2004) 1861. L.G. Binev, Vassileva-Boyadjieva, Y.I. Binev, J. Mot. Struct. 447 (1998) 235. A.M. MacConnachie, Intensive Crit. Care Nuts. 13 (1997) 238. J.L. Vilchez, R. Blance, R. Avidad, A. Navalon, J. Pharm. Biomed. 13 (1995) 119. D. Easwaramoorthy, Y. Yu, H. Huang, Anal. Chim. Acta 439 (2001) 95. H. Tanka, P.K. Dasgupta, J. Huang, J. Anal. Chem 72 (2000) 4713. J.P. Shockcor, S.E. Linger, I.D. Wilson, Anal. Chem. 68 (1996) 4431. S. Murray, A.R. Boobis, J. Chromatogr. 33 (1991) 355. A.K. Singh, R. Negi, Y. Katre, S.P. Singh Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 302 (2009) 36. L.F. Prescott, Paracetamol over dosage. Pharmacological consideration and clinical management. Drugs, 25 (1983) 290. P.J. Harvison, F.P. Guengerich, Chem. Res. Toxicol 1 (1988) 47. L. Chavkin, H. Merkle. Us Patent (1979). F.J. Strenbenz, L. Weintraub, G.L. Cohen UK Patent. Application GB 2103 87A, 1983.

Essay --

Statistical Interpretation of United Arab Emirates Trading Patterns I have chosen to research the trade patterns of United Arab Emirates because, in my view, it is one of the most important players in the world in terms of trade. Furthermore, trade has influenced the living standard in this area, such that, the standard of living in Dubai, for example, has increased comparably. United Arab Emirates has mostly developed due to the petroleum and natural gas exports. In the following paragraphs I will present statistics and data regarding not only oil and natural gas trading patterns, but also commodities. The United Arab Emirates is one of the 10 largest oil and natural gas producers in the world, and is a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF). The UAE has had a great impact on oil trade because of its natural endowments. According to OPEC, its share of world reserves is of 8.1%. The most abundant factor of production, oil, has brought them a comparative advantage and specialization, which contributed to the country’s development. According to the data presented by Central Intelligence Agency, United Arab Emirates was ranked on the 24th place in the world in terms of total Imports and 19th place in total exports in 2012. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html In the WORLD FACTBOOK it is said that the UAE has an open economy with high per capita income. In recent years, successful efforts have been made regarding economic diversification and nowadays, the GDP based on oil and natural gas output has decreased to 25%. Since the discovery of oil 30 years ago, UAE has been through important transformations and h... ...in 2012, a 38% increase since 2011. However, imports to the US from the UAE have remained approximately the same, at over $2 billion. The data can be found on the website of the US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5200.html#2010 As a conclusion, I believe that United Arab Emirates are focusing more and more on diversifying their exports and not depending so much on the oil ones. As far as their partners are concerned, I believe that in the future India will continue to be the top trading partner of UAE, being followed by China and Japan. China is in need of more and more oil because it has recently been ranked as the World’s top importer of crude oil. Japan, on the other hand, continues to depend on the Middle East countries for oil imports, being the world’s third largest net oil importer. (US Energy Information Administration).

Bra Boys And Belonging Essay

â€Å"Belonging is not simply about the well-being of an individual. Belonging allows humans to overcome great obstacles and moments of adversity†. Every human being possesses the urgent need to belong, to gain the strength of others and to fit into society. It is in our basic nature, our history supporting the human will to belong, as tribes were formed, urban environments assembled and modern societies bringing individuals into a group as one. A sense of belonging gives us the strength to move forward, the mental and physical support of others and allows us to feel accepted. Sunny Abberton’s documentary Bra Boys depicts the impact of belonging along with the obstacles his family and friends faced. A film conveying the struggles within the Maroubra area in the 80s/90s, that allows us to experience the connections made within the Bra Boys â€Å"surf gang† and the challenges that they are faced with. The Bra Boys demonstrate that a sense of belonging can in fact impact us to overcome great challenges, and that no matter how dire your situation, there will always be somewhere for you to belong. Humans are faced with tests throughout their lives, some more fortunate than others. In the Maroubra community it seemed most of the kids had grown up in uncomfortable situations, most of the Bra Boys parents being drug users, alcoholics, or violent. The Maroubra adolescent community seemed to have a dark lure hanging over it, violence and hardship following those who tried to belong. Gangs formed as a result and the streets became dangerous at night. â€Å"Growing up we had a lot of crazy things happen like guns held to our heads, chased down the street with people shooting at us, all sorts of things, but its good it turned us into what we are† admits Koby Abberton. One Bra Boys explains how he walked around the streets with a bat down his pants because you always had to be prepared for the worst when you were walking at night by your self. It was dangerous events like these that made Ma’s seem so safe, like nothing could ever hurt them there. Ma was the Abberton boys’ grandmother, a gentle and generous woman who opened her arms and home to all the young and struggling children associated with the Abberton boys. Most of these boys came from broken families, somewhere they  couldn’t really call home. Ma provided them with a place that was the next best thing to a home, a family of friends, somewhere that would bring the boys together into a brotherhood. They soon formed a group called ‘Ma’s hell team’ which was the beginning of it all, the beginning of the Bra Boys. Connections with people, places and the larger world can provoke a sense of belonging within ourselves, influencing where we search for meaning in our lives, and ultimately, where we belong. The Bra Boys forge connections amongst themselves by exploring each other’s passions and loyalty. It is ultimately the surfing community/beach life that brings the boys together. The beginning of the documentary presents the surfing culture, diving directly into the heart of these boy’s lives. The viewer is presented with live footage, magazine cover pages and newspaper articles to express the success and enjoyment the Bra Boys share towards the sport. Another scene featuring cross cutting strings together shots of the Bra Boy’s handshake, celebrating their literal connections to one another. The Bra Boys are all blessed with a passion of surfing, somewhere they could escape together, and without that place to free their minds and have fun sharing a hobby together, they may not have formed such sturdy bonds as they possess today. The connections we make determine how we grow and develop. Along with be being connected, acceptance has a large impact on our lives and wellbeing. Being a Bra Boy comes with responsibility, one being to accept your brothers and be there for them no matter what. Acceptance allows us to gain confidence in our lives. Without the fulfillment of fitting in human beings tend to grow lonely and feel as though they don’t belong. With that sense of approval, we can acknowledge ourselves and achieve more. Bra Boys is a documentary which greatly highlights the impact of being accepted within a certain community. Spending their days surfing and hanging out with friends, the bra boys allow us to appreciate the greater prospects of belonging. Koby Abberton, main Bra Boy, describes to the viewer how important their ‘gang’ is: â€Å"if one of the boys calls, no matter what you’re doing you come†. This depicts to us how strong and important their brotherhood is. The song â€Å"My Brothers Keeper† featured in the film, written by Jamie Holt, backs up a bond of brothers such as the Bra Boys. â€Å"My brothers, we are in  intertwined†¦. these ties shall bind us† is sung to describe the acceptance of one another and words how their ‘gang’ is literally bound to one another. â€Å"My Brothers Keeper† is also symbolized as tattoos across various Bra Boys chests. Bra Boys shows a great example of how important acceptance is in our lives and the pride it can bring to us. The Bra Boys demonstrate that that their group also accepts many multi-cultured or religious Australians. Cultural acceptance can be a huge issue within our society today. Cultures and religions can shape humans into what they believe to be their better self. There are many issues revolved around religions clashing or which god should be worshipped. No matter what you believe in or put your faith in we are all human beings and should find the strength to accept each other for who we are. Towards the end of the documentary an issue is displayed for the viewer, on such as the Cronulla race riots, brings to our attention a so-called â€Å"war† between Anglo Australians and Lebanese Australians. â€Å"One of the things ma taught us was to not judge people by how much money they had, or their skin colour, but by what type of person they were, perhaps it was ma’s wisdom that would prepare us for yet another dramatic turn in our beach community† say Sunny Abberton. Footage, images, narration and Police radio communication depict the violence that occurred. We are shown how the aggressive behavior in Cronulla makes its way to Maroubra, and how the Bra Boys gather to protect their community. After the attacks the Bra Boys decide to broker a peace deal between the warring factions. We are shown a 9 News interview where Sunny Abberton states â€Å"Maroubra’s had a very good relationship with the local Lebanese community here for around 10 years, we’re calling for calm on the beaches†. The Bra Boys wanted the ethnic community to feel accepted and wanted them to know that they did in fact belong at Maroubra beach, which is one of the most multicultural areas in Australia. The Bra Boys itself is filled with a number of different racial members, their powerful concept of belonging has transcended racial hatred. Bra Boys is a powerful documentary portraying many concepts of belonging. It shows us an authentic reality of how brutal life can be and that a group as strong as theirs can help to overcome such issues. No matter what they  faced, they had each other. They showed us how important a powerful bond is, and the positive impact a sense of belonging can make. Some of the Bra Boys say the surf saved them, some say Ma did, but ultimately, they saved each other.

Just Write the Damn Thing

Just Write the Damn Thing Joe and I scampered through the old Madrid cobblestone streets, dodging puddles and party recruiters, having no choice but to embrace the rain. I lived in the center of the city four years ago with Joe ´s older brother, Ben. This night was Joe ´s first in the Spanish capital. After a few street beers and too many patatas bravas, we settled under a bus stop to escape the unusually heavy Iberian rain. Never having spent time alone with Joe, we spoke open and honestly most of the night, as if my connection with Ben extended to his brother before me. Joe writes. A lot. Joe writes for multiple sites based in London, where he studies abroad. At home in the states, Joe writes papers for his classes and for his friends at his large state university. He shared the intricacies of Germany ´s transition from WWI to WWII as if he was there himself. Turns out he has written three papers for that class, a class he does not attend. At our bus stop in Madrid ´s Sol plaza, thousands of miles from the students Joe may be hurting As conversation turned from life abroad and Joe ´s muddy shoe to his writing adventures, I revealed my fear of putting pen to paper. I have jumped off 50 foot cliffs and squeeze my moped between cars on the streets of my new Andalucian hometown, but my fear of opening my world of ideas to the world of humans around me is one I have not conquered. As Joe interrogated me for reasons, I felt minor embarrassment relaying them. Can a gunslinger who has written at least an article a day for three months understand why I want my 600-word blog entry to be perfect? I feel unworthy. I have a million ideas rattling around in my head and my iPhone notes, but my ideas cannot possibly be worth anybody ´s time. Even scarier, the rough drafts of my ideas remain perfect inside my head and behind my fingerprint passcode. When exposed to a world of readers, they certainly will be misunderstood, right? But what if they ´re not? What if something I write resonates with a stranger from a faraway place or gives joy to a friend from down the street. What if I enjoy sharing myself with people? What if I actually am worthy? Just write the damn thing! Joe says, as if stating the obvious. My old soul was educated So here I am, just writing the damn thing.

Expert Interview with Andy Greenberg About Recruiting and Hiring

Expert Interview with Andy Greenberg About Recruiting and Hiring Andy Greenberg, CEO and president of The Recruiting Division, took the time to talk with us about his company, recruiting and hiring trends. With 17 years of experience in the field of recruiting, Andy has valuable, insightful information to offer. Heading The Recruiting Division, Andy works closely with clients and candidates to consistently find the best for the best. Here he shares a bit about that process.What’s different about The Recruiting Division that makes it so successful?We extend the capabilities of a contract recruiter with a unique solution that is team-based and on-demand. The result is a more flexible, scalable and cost-effective way of engaging a contract recruiter. What are three attributes that employers want to see in a job candidate?Intellectual curiosityPassionFlexibilityHow about three qualities they’d rather not see?InflexibilityArroganceInability or unwillingness to bring something extra to the roleWhat do you look for in a job candidate?Abilit y to self-assess, meaning that they are able to understand and articulate their strengths, weaknesses, boundaries and their own internal brandPassion!Ability to convincingly articulate why and how their background, skills and experience will translate into success for the positionWhy is it key for companies to have good relationships with recruiters like you to find the best team?Contract recruiters like those here at The Recruiting Division are able to act as a fully accountable, seamless extension of a client’s team, since we are not motivated or paid by placement fees or commissions, nor are we bound by the typical contingency-based agency model that necessitates alignment with candidates as opposed to HR and hiring managers.Are you seeing any particular hiring trends lately? If so, please tell us a bit about them.Although the economy has certainly improved, employers are still very cautious in their hiring and are willing to wait for candidates that meet all of the criter ia on their list.There is still strong demand for information technology and sales professionals, and we are also seeing an increase in temporary hiring as a result of the Affordable Care Act. Another interesting trend is a growing number of companies that are bringing jobs back to the United States after frustrations with offshoring.From a recruiting perspective, we are seeing a huge interest in social recruiting. Besides LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook, there are a host of social aggregation and deep web mining tools that recruiters are flocking to, including SwoopTalent, Gild, TalentBin, Talenthook and HiringSolved.Why is timeliness so important in the hiring process?That’s a double-edged sword. On the one hand, there is a cost associated with a company not being able to achieve its goals due to a lack of manpower. But on the other hand, there is also a cost associated with rushing the hiring process and hiring sub-par employees. We are all doing our best in the search for the holy grail of hiring top talent as quickly as possible.How do you go about finding the top talent to place?For starters, make sure that your recruiters themselves are top talent. Think about it – it takes top talent to be able recognize top talent.Those who know me know that I love to arm my recruiters to the teeth with lots of cool tools like the ones mentioned above. That said, I am the first to admit that a great recruiter can work their magic simply by using LinkedIn and nothing else. The key to LinkedIn is learning how to target the right people and then message them softly and professionally. Your goal should be to achieve a response rate of at least 30%. And anything less than 20% means that you are spamming and not doing relationship-sourcing.Also make sure that you know your company’s brand and can articulate it effectively throughout the entire sourcing and vetting process. Candidates that are in demand know that they have choices, and they are looking fo r employers with a compatible brand, mission and values.Along with company branding, do your best to provide a great candidate experience. Candidates are sharing their interview experiences on social media sites like Glassdoor and Vault, and your ability to attract top talent can be either enhanced or stymied by your reputation on social media.

Hedging Oil Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hedging Oil Consumption - Essay Example There are other inherent risks associated with business such as currency fluctuations, volatility of crude oil prices and so on. In order to reduce exposure to volatility in the market, many participants prefer hedging strategies using derivatives. A derivative is a financial instrument which derives its value from the underlying asset. One of the hedging strategies alternatives that are available to the market participants is by using futures derivative. The main purpose of futures markets is to minimise uncertainty in transactions and hence reduce risk. The basic objective of futures market is to hedge the associated risk by taking such a position so as to neutralize possibility of risk as far practicable. A futures contact is a standard contract between two market participants to buy or sell a specific asset of standard quality, quantity for a given price agreed upon on the date of contract (also known as strike price) with payment and delivery occurring at maturity date. The cont racts are standard in the sense that quantity, quality, price, strike price, delivery date, initial margin, marking to market, etc. are done via intermediary and not directly negotiated between parties involved in transaction. Hence, the refinery may enter into futures contract with its customers giving them the opportunity to purchase oil at current prices at a later date in future. In this way even if the prices of oil rises in future, the refinery would not require to pass on the higher costs to their customers (CME, 2006, pp.49-53). After discussing the concept of futures, it is now important to illustrate how futures might help the US Gulf refinery to hedge risk. There are two different methods of hedging namely short hedge and long hedge. A short hedge is suitable when the hedger owns the asset (as in this case) and expects it to sell at some time in future. Thus, the oil refinery may take short position in futures contract. A long hedge on the other hand involves taking the l ong position (buy at later date). This strategy is suitable when the hedger (in this case customer) knows that it will have to purchase a particular asset in future but would like to purchase at current price. In both the strategies payment and deliver occurs at maturity of contact which is usually three months. To further illustrate these strategies in details, consider the following example: Assuming that on June 13 (present) the oil refinery has taken a short position by negotiating a contract to sell 1 million barrels of crude oil. It is also agreed that the price applicable in the contract will be on the market price of September 13. So, for each 1% rise, the producer will gain $10,000 and similarly for each 1% decline in price refinery will lose $10,000. The standard futures contract on CME platform is 1,000 US barrels (or 42,000 gallons), hence the company can hedge exposure by shorting 1,000 September futures contracts. If the last trading close price was $90 per barrel, str ike price is $85 and assuming that price per barrel in September is actually $80, then per barrel gain of the oil refinery would be $5 (since, $85 - $80). This means the total gains for entire contract would be $5000 ($5 x 1000). Using the above example the long hedge strategy can be explained as

Section 37 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Essay

Section 37 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 - Essay Example The HSWA 1974 is divided into four key parts, and it is also divided into various sections. Part one of the Act focuses on the Health &Safety Commission and Executive, the general duties of the act, enforcement and penalties, codes of practice, and the power of making regulations. The second part of the act deals with the establishment of the employment medical advisory service. Part three on the other hand does the relations of the act to the building regulations. Finally, the forth part of the act does the coverage of other general issues and various amendments (Bennett 2012, p. 102).The 37th section of this legislation covers prosecution of managers/ directors, which is the main focus of this essay. The essay seeks to discuss the development of section 37 of the legislation analyzing the circumstance under which it operates. It also seeks to take considerations if the use of the legislation gives an effective mechanism for imposing secondary liability. Section 37(1) of the 1974 Ac t gives directives for the prosecution of managers/ directors. Section 37 of the HSWA States that in case a health and safety harm occurs to employees with the consent or connivance of a manager or director, then the manager or director together with the organization should be prosecuted under this particular section of the HSWA Act (Lofstedt 2011, p. 73). The section directs that employers should ensure that the safety and health of their employees is not affected by the work they do. Once the workers are affected by the kind of work they do in an industry in terms of their health and safety, then the act stipulates that the managers or directors be prosecuted. The act also tends to cover the employees’ duties at the work place. Employees in their duties at the work place are expected to take much care for good of their own safety and health and that of others who may be at risk of being affected by their acts. Employees are also expected to co-operate with their employers a nd other people at their work places when they are carrying out their statutory obligations (Lofstedt 2011, p. 73). The Health and Safety at Work act of 1974 provides that every organization or industry should have clearly stipulated health and safety policy if it has employed five and above employees. The organizations are also required to carry out assessments on their workers, partners, customers, and any other individual who may be at risk of being affected by the activities carried out by the organizations. The act also requires the organizations to have full access to health and safety advice that is competent. This is for the protection of its people or the staff members who may be affected by the activities carried out by the organization in terms of health and safety (Lofstedt 2011, p. 73). The HSWA act works alongside other regulations and Legislations in protection of health and safety of the workers. The Factories Act of 1961 and the Offices, Shops and Railway Premises A ct of 1963 are examples of Legislations that work alongside the HSWA act of 1974. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations of 1994, and the Health and Safety Regulations of 1992 are among the regulations that are operated together with the HSWA act of 1974 (Smith, 1998). In its other provisions, the act requires that employers have a working environment that is safe in operation and maintenance to avoid any harm related to health and saf

Appellate brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Appellate brief - Essay Example Unfortunately, the trial court on February 14, 2009, denied accepting the suggestion. The trial court established that’ â€Å"Under the circumstances, for all intents and purposes the suitcase was abandoned. The defendant did not express a possessory interest in the suitcase at anytime after he learned its location. Having been abandoned, the defendant had no expectation of privacy in it or in its contents† (Tr. At 40-41) (Congress 551). On March 6, 2009, Mr. Stewart engaged himself in a conditional guilty plea, determined to achieve his right to appeal by suppressing the judgment that was done against him (Doc. At 22) (Congress 551). The defendant was sentenced to 60 months imprisonment, followed up by 3 year period supervised release, on April 27, 2009. This is an appeal of the federal grand jury’s judgment that was entered on April 29, 2009. Summary of Arguments This is not the first time a case of this form was appearing before the Court. The court case invol ving United States and Arango, 912 F.2d 441 (10th Cir. 1990), ruled that anybody who has the legal right to the ownership of a personal property has the legal rights to prevent other people from searching it. Other ruling in a similar case between the United States and Jones, 707 F.2d 1169, (10th Cir. 1983), ruled that in situations such as this of United States Vs Steward, no prior or related appeals are made (Congress 552). This case, therefore presents a question of first order: Whether Mr. Stewart should be allowed to engage in an appeal system, or whether the Law Court should consider this case like one which does not require prior or related appeals. Discussion The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 set that a 5- and 10-year mandatory-minimum penalty will be issued to any subject found possessing drugs with the purpose of distributing depending on the nature and weights of the substances (Congress 539). Stewart was imprisoned for possessing 100 grams of heroine with objective of dist ributing. The court had earlier handled such two cases and gave rulings which are can help in understanding the case between United States Vs Stewart. The defendant is in a legitimate position as an American citizen, to defend his rights to appeal, so as to keep away other people from inspecting his property. But this condition is not easy to determine, because the process the defendant went through was such a complicated one that required more time and consideration. The trial Court was legally right to deny Mr. Stewart an opportunity to engage in an appeal that was intended to dismiss the charges against him. According to the former judgment, any person who has legal ownership of a property through existing proofs such as documents are the ones who are entitled to request for apple if their assets are illegally inspected without their consents (Congress 539). It should also be noted that the property that can be protected should not be illegal, property like bags carrying heroine, cocaine, bang, guns and other illegal property can be inspected by security officers even if the owner denies accepting inspection. Mr. Stewart, defendant, only claimed that the suitcase was his without providing any evidence. This left a question for proving whether the luggage was legitimately his. Because he was the only person who claimed the ownership of the property, the security had no otherwise but charges him accountable as the owner of the bag. The Airport security

The Theme and Narrative Elements Essay Example for Free

The Theme and Narrative Elements Essay The story of â€Å"The Welcome Table† by Alice Walker (1970), theme tells the story of an old black woman name Clara Ward, who worked as a slave for the whites the majority of her lifetime, who knows the feeling or fears of being an aged black woman, alone and no longer had a use or a purpose in her life. I say this because it was mentioned at the beginning of the story, and mist of the story the whites were not accepting of her, and at the end the black saw her in the streets walking in the cold and offered her no assistance, Every story narrows a broad underlying idea, shapes it in a unique way, and makes the underlying idea concrete. Thats how theme is created. In other words, the theme in a story is a representation of the idea behind the story (Clugston, 2010). Points of view, Tones, settings †¦ The setting of this story seems as though it takes place during the progressive era, during the age of segregation or the end of slavery in the U.S. My knowledge of this was gathered when Clara stumbled into a white church, and the pastor of the church told her she was in the white church, and the message was also clear to me when she was asked by the usher with blond hair to leave the church, and told her she needed to go to â€Å"Your Church†. Alice Walker the author set the story up in a fashion that named jobs or roles the old lady played as a house slave, this was another view point of her from the white church people, the pastor of the church called her his aunt (she helped raise him), and the usher in the church called her grandmother (she helped raise him). See more: how to start a narrative essay The old lady in the story began to fall ill walking in the cold weather, and she began to imagine an experience with Jesus; she sees the image of a Jesus who was white, the same image that was white, the same image that was on the picture she took from a white woman she use to work for (Clara hoped that Jesus would over look that). Clara had a vision of herself walking and talking with Jesus, who she loved and trusted all her days and she was able to tell Jesus, how the white people mistreated her, through her life, and shortly after she pasted on to heaven. The narrative expression in the story spoke of details explaining the old ladies appearance, the wording pictured her as poor, and did the best she could when it came to her appearance, and the narrator told the story as if we were in her shoes, making me as a reader to fill pity on the old lady. The narration also expressed the fact that Ms. Clara the old woman was a former slave who raised a generations of white children, who grew to be adults and they still showed her little to no respect (underlying theme); Where they should have been very appreciative, but because this was a time of segregation in the United states, a time when the whites and blacks live separate lives. Clara still praised Jesus in the white church, the Jesus who she knows as white, she never lost her faith, but the white people in the church who knew her kicked her out of the church, they unknowingly contributed to her losing her life. Clara died in the same she was treated in life cold and alone. Reference: Alice Walker (1970). The Welcome Table (Short story); Literary Cavalcade, Vol. 55 Issue 5, p32 Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into Literature. San Diego, CA. Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Habit of mind :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A habit of mind is a way of thinking that one acquires over time. It is a type of thought that involves thinking beyond what society considers right or wrong, but acknowledging through complex thought, what is morally right. It is not easily achieved and is somewhat like a muscle, in that you have to build it up over time through intellectual work and hardship. Not everyone can achieve a strong habit of mind, in fact most don’t. The habit is a way of thinking that allows one to communicate with knowledge when the answer is not initially apparent. In order to think in this complex manner a person has to be well educated in all subjects of intelligence. Having a good education goes hand in hand with having good habits of mind, because in order to have positive functioning habits, a person has to be well rounded enough to considered every possible solution to the problems or questions posed. Being able to use a habit of mind also requires a type of thinking w here others nor any outside force constrains any ideas or solutions . This by definition is a habit of mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The characteristics of a good philosopher are someone who possesses the qualities to use their habits of mind and be able to think on a higher level than most do. Though everyone has their own unique habits of mind, philosophers are trained to think at a level where their habits of mind are stronger, and thus are always looking for, and usually come up with the best solution to questions, or problems posed. Plato is an example of a philosopher; he wrote a book, The Republic, which is a novel outlining the steps in order to become a good philosopher. Plato speaks through Socrates in the book, and Socrates gets involved in many challenging debates and philosophical conversations with people along his journeys, allowing him to strengthen his habits of mind. Philosophers are posed with the challenge of attempting to solve many of life's unanswerable questions. One example would be the question as to whether abortion is right or wrong. Both sides can be argued, pro lif e or pro choice, and both have sufficient evidence supporting its side. Although it would make sense that the person who’s fully informed on the subject and has the best ability to argue their contention will prevail in the conclusion of the argument, a solution is not usually possible.

Lbj Paper

Nicole Curtis 4/15/10 APUS: LBJ DBQ Essay President Lyndon B. Johnson and his administration passed several legislations and supported many programs that attempted to repair the numerous political, economic, and social problems of the United States during the 1960s. His administration responded to most of the problems effectively, but with the issue of civil rights, for example, they didn’t always fix the problems to the best of their ability. But most importantly was his attack on the â€Å"war on poverty. Acts, like the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, assisted citizens of the US through attacking the â€Å"war on poverty† and creating opportunities for the children of the future. Minorities, like African Americans, had trouble gaining political power. Primarily, blacks were fighting for their protection to vote and an increase in their influence in politics. For instance, some African Americans got together and created â€Å"freedom organizations† known as t he Black Panther Party in order to represent their strength and dignity of their culture (doc. C).They didn’t have any legitimate successes in their fight for their political rights. Johnson and his administration, therefore, admitted the 24th amendment. This prohibited the poll tax which was a discriminatory tax that was required in order to exercise the ability to vote. Also, the Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965, which outlawed the discriminatory voting practices that were responsible for the disenfranchisement of African Americans in the US. These laws and his support for blacks’ rights were strongly influential and beneficial to the United States. LBJ’s (Lyndon B.Johnson’s) most influential response to the problems of the United States was in his response to the â€Å"war on poverty. † The programs that he passed helped the poverty problem through the economical and social aspect of it. Economically, his programs boosted money into the econ omy and improved the education for citizens so that they could make more money in their future. Socially, it improved the conditions of the urban cities as well as decreasing the gap between the rich and poor by heavily helping the poor. Specifically, he aided in with the health care concern for United States citizens (doc.A). Medicare and Medicaid were created which provided federal aid to the elderly and poor for medic al expenses. Also the Economic Opportunity Act improved and increased the number of educational programs, gave money to the youth through Job Corps, and gave volunteers to troubled communities to provide educational and social services (doc. B). The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and the Model Cities Program also were formed during Johnson’s presidency. The Model Cities Program redeveloped the urban city. This attempted to improve the conditions for the poor who lived in the city.Prior to Johnson’s aid, many people felt â€Å"†¦si ck of ‘poor’ people demonstrations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (doc. G). So, Johnson’s main goal was to improve the poverty problem in the US which he did successfully. Between 1960 and 1970, the percentage of non-whites that fell below poverty level decreased from 53. 3% to 32. 0% (doc. H). Also the percentage of whites that fell below the poverty line decreased from 18. 1% to 9. 9% during the 60s. Clearly, his programs were effective. Socially, blacks had many problems regarding their human and civil rights. They continued to fight for them throughout the 60s.Johnson supported this and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This piece of legislation outlawed the application of unequal voter requirements and segregation in schools, work, and public places. He also facilitated the March on Washington. He, as well as Governor Wallace of Alabama, federalized the Alabama National Guard, and sent an additional 2200 troops from the U. S. Army to protect the marchers. His wide support for the civil rights movement was great, but still many blacks were being discriminated against due to the lack of enforcement of the Civil Rights Act in specific areas.His administration had the ability to do great things, yet they only did good things in response to the civil rights issue. Lyndon B. Johnson and his administration, â€Å"[made] it possible for every child of every color to grow up in a nice house, to eat a solid breakfast, to attend a decent school, and to get a good and lasting job† (doc. F). Johnson did this through his many successful programs like the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. He repaired many of the political, economic, and social problems of the US in the 60s effectively.

Madness in Love in William Shakespeare Essay

Madness in Love in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Twelfth Night† There are many definitions for love, but there are also many definitions for madness. Both words, when joined together, create an endless possibility of emotions and actions one can bare to hold for the sake of another. Madness can be described as â€Å"senseless folly†. When a person is in love with another, they tend to define their feelings of passionate affection for this other person. Shakespeare’s concept was to involve some of his characters with this feeling. In Twelfth Night, madness is created by the misconception and misunderstanding due to love. Mainly, it is said that Love is one of the most significant types of madness. It leads to causes like confusion and chaos in mind, mentality, and behavior. In the Twelfth Night, the Duke Orsino falls madly in love with Olivia. Orsino describes his love towards Olivia deeper than he could imagine, â€Å"So full of shapes is fancy, that it alone is high fantastical†. Orsino loses his focus on reality as he says â€Å"For such as I am all true lovers are. Unstaid and skittish in all motions else, save in the constant image of the creature, that is beloved. †(P. 34) The only thing that is real for him at the moment is anything that has to do with his â€Å"beloved creature†, the beautiful Olivia. We also see Olivia’s senseless acts come to play as she finds herself smitten after her first encounter with Cesario: †I do I know not what, and fear to find. Mine eye too great a flatterer of my mind. [†¦]What is decreed must be – and be this so! †(P. 24) Olivia finds herself unable to think properly because she is so distracted and flustered by the attractive looks of Cesario. Another interpretation could be that Olivia’s affection has been taken and used up by Cesario due to the loss of her brother and she refuses to share her love with anyone else. Later on in the play Malvolio’s madness changes from the state of being madly in love and committing crazy acts of devotion to the state of being in madness or chaos because of the misunderstanding of the situation. He thinks it was Olivia who wrote the trick note when it was really Maria, Toby, and Andrew who tried to trick him. They created a letter, pretending to be Olivia, telling Malvolio what will make her happy. The letter did not even state that it was Olivia, but because Malvolio was excited to gain her favor he jumped to the conclusion that it was her. Malvolio’s infatuation for Olivia was so great it clouded his ability to think properly. â€Å"Daylight and champion discovers not more! †, is Malvolio’s first comment as he finished reading. He was so desperate to please Olivia and gain her love, he jumps straight to the conclusion that she wrote the letter for him. The little acts of devotion Maria mentioned in the letter were so absurd Malvolio was willingly ready to fulfill all of them: â€Å"I do not now fool myself, to let imagination jade me, for every reason excites to this, that my lady love me. I will be strange, stout, in yellow stockings, and cross-gartered, even with the swiftness of putting on. †(P. 44) Malvolio enters into a state of madness and confusion because he feels no one else knows what he is talking about. Whether madness was created due to acting foolishly because of an infatuated feeling or acting with intense emotion over someone you really care about, all these situations were because of love. In the words of Friedrich Nietzsche, â€Å"there is always some madness in love. But there is also always some reason in madness†. Shakespeare’s characters Orsino, Olivia, and Malvolio, all had a cause for their madness, and it was because of their love for somebody else. Sometimes it is a feeling that comes over you that you think is love but it doesn’t have to mean that it is simultaneously true.

How to Make the Best Cookie Essays

How to Make the Best Cookie Essays How to Make the Best Cookie Essay How to Make the Best Cookie Essay How Do You Make the Best Cookie? Who doesn’t love a good cookie? The quest for that melt-in-your-mouth, gooey, and blissful tasting cookie is a never-ending battle. My science experiment will answer the age-old question: Is it possible to make the perfect cookie? My science experiment is identifying the best method for making the most delicious cookie. If I vary the amount of time I refrigerate the cookie dough, then the batch that was freshly baked will be moister and ultimately taste better because the wet ingredients will not have been absorbed yet. To perform this experiment I will need to use three medium sized mixing bowls, an electric mixer, measuring spoons and measuring cups to correspond to the recipe, plastic wrap to cover the refrigerated cookie dough, a refrigerator, a standard sized cookie sheet, an oven, two wire cooling racks, four large Glad brand tupperware, ten taste testers, ten questionnaires and pens, graph paper for recording the data. This experiment will require me to bake four different batches of cookies: two batches of chocolate chip cookies, and two batches of sugar cookies. I will not vary the ingredients of the batches, however I will vary the procedure in which I make the dough. For the sugar cookies, I will make one batch of dough (Sugar A) and refrigerate it for 48 hours. I will also make one batch of dough for the chocolate chip cookies (Chocolate A) and refrigerate it for 48 hours. After the 48-hour period is over, I will the make the remaining two batches (Sugar B and Chocolate B) and immediately bake them. After those two batches are finished I will bake batches Sugar A and Chocolate A. I will then store them in separate, labeled containers and conduct a blind taste test with ten people. I will have my subjects taste Sugar A and Sugar B first and have them record which cookie they prefer and why, then I will have them taste Chocolate A and Chocolate B and have them record which the prefer and why. Then, I will ask them which cookie was best overall. Next I will ask them if the difference in the chocolate chip cookies was more or less pronounced than the difference in the sugar cookies. I will then display the data in charts and graphs. Two things make this experiment possible. Wet and dry ingredients. Wet ingredients are the ingredients that are moist or contain water. For example, in a chocolate chip cookie recipe the wet ingredients would be things such a milk, eggs, or butter. But if a cookie recipe consisted of only wet ingredients, the dough would be soupy and no good for baking. This is where dry ingredients come in. Dry ingredients are the ingredients that contain hardly any water, if any. Examples of these ingredients would be flour, baking soda, and salt. Dry ingredients act as sponges absorbing the right amount of the wet ingredients to create a mixture that’s not too wet and not too dry. By refrigerating one batch of each flavor for 48 hours, it allows the dry ingredients to fully absorb the wet ingredients. The question is, does this enhance the flavor of the cookie? To find out, it is imperative to conduct a blind taste test. The blind taste test is very important because if the subjects consuming the cookies are aware of the difference between the cookies then their data will be biased against one cookie. Food safety is imperative in this experiment. The dough must remain at or below 4. 4Â °C (40Â °F) to keep from spoiling. If the dough were to be exposed to temperatures above 4. 4C for more than two hours it would be considered spoiled and unsafe to eat. Constantly keeping the dough at a safe temperature throughout the entire 48-hour period is necessary in ensuring that all of the subjects participating in the experiment are safe while consuming the cookies. If these safety measures were not to be taken, then the subjects would be at risk to foodborne illness. Foodborne illnesses are commonly caused by pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Foodborne illnesses can cause mild to severe sickness. It may take as much as a few days for the person infected to start feeling symptoms. This delay is called the incubation period. Most organisms take up temporary residencies in the intestines, while others produce toxins that can get into the blood stream; these are the most severe cases of foodborne illness. This is why food safety is imperative to this experiment. Everything must be at the proper temperature to be consumed. If it is not, then the outcome will not be good. I will take every measure possible to make sure that everything is correct. So why would these foods spoil if they weren’t refrigerated? Pathogenic bacteria grows rapidly in temperatures above 4. 4Â °C (40Â °F). This type of bacteria does not affect the smell, taste, or appearance of the food, making it difficult to determine whether or not the pathogens are present. By refrigerating foods at the correct temperature, you are eliminating the chances of these harmful pathogens growing in your food and contaminating them. For example, if you accidentally left a jug of milk on the counter overnight it would become warm and develop a rancid odor. If you were to drink it, the chances of you getting a foodborne illness would be high considering that the harmful pathogens had time to grow. Spoilage bacteria can also grow at low temperatures, however they cause foods to develop disgusting odors and appearances. Most people would not choose to eat these foods, but if they did they would most likely not become ill. If I were to leave the cookie dough sitting on the counter for 48 hours instead of refrigerating it, the harmful pathogens would grow and cause the dough to be very unsafe to eat or bake. This is why refrigeration is necessary to make sure that the dough is good to eat. To make sure that this experiment is accurate, many precautions must be taken to ensure that the dough comes out the same as the batch before it. All ingredients must be the same brand, and they must be measured accurately. Also, time is a very important component to this experiment. I will take extra care in making sure that the times are measured accurately, I will make sure that the dough is refrigerated for exactly 48 hours, I will making sure that one batch of cookies is not burnt, and that the cooling time remains constant throughout the different batches. The success of this project is based on how the dough changes after being refrigerated for 48 hours. If the dough being refrigerated is even the slightest bit different from the dough being freshly made, my results could be incorrect. While doing research I found out that when you initially mix cookie dough, the particles of the wet and dry ingredients sit side by side. By letting the dough sit in the refrigerator for 48 hours, the dry ingredients absorb the wet ingredients and then become one, instead of sitting side by side. This goes back to the essential question: Does this affect the flavor of the cookie? How about the texture? When water and any other wet ingredient is mixed with flour, it bonds together to make the cookies rise. If the flour and other wet ingredients are left to bond for 48 hours longer than they normally would, would the cookies be lighter or gooier? These are all questions that can be answered by my experiment. Using a microscope, I would be able to see the difference in the two doughs. Another question yet to be answered is whether or not there’s a difference between the sugar cookie dough and the chocolate chip dough. Could the fact that one of the doughs has chocolate chips in it affect how the wet and dry ingredients combine? How about the amount of sugar? Could that also change the flavor and or texture? This experiment begins with many unanswered questions, but will be finished with many answered ones. Many people would not think of baking as a science, when in reality, that’s exactly what it is. Baking requires precise measurements of time and quantity, it requires the ability to read and follow directions, and it has variables, controls, and dependent variables. In my experiment I can use the science of baking to determine whether or not refrigerating a batch of cookie dough for 48 hours affects the taste and or texture of the cookie. By conducting a blind taste test with ten participants I can make sure that I collect accurate, unbiased data. I will be able to answer many questions about how variations in dough and temperature affect the cookie. I will also be able to practice good food safety habits by making sure that everything remains at a healthy temperature. So is it possible to make the perfect, melt-in-your-mouth, gooey, blissful tasting cookie? I believe that it is well within our reach. Food Studies: The Science of Cookie Texture. Grist. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. lt;http://grist. org/food/2011-10-06-food-studies-the-science-of-cookie-texture/gt;. How Do You Make the Best Cookie? How Do You Make the Best Cookie? N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Sept. 012. lt; sciencebuddies. org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/FoodSci_p014. shtmlgt;. Refrigeration and Food Safety. Http://www. fsis. usda. gov. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. lt; fsis. usda. gov/FACTSheets/Refrigeration_gt;. Safe Food Handling Fact Sheets. Safe Food Handling Fact Sheets. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. lt; fsis. usda. gov/fact_sheets/Safe_Food_Handling_Fact_Sheets/index. aspgt;. Smith, Terry L. Nutrition and Food Safety. New York: Chelsea House, 2011. Print.